Ballarat Energy Storage System

Owner: Ausnet Transmission Group Pty Ltd

Status:

Technology Type: Storage - Battery

Fuel Type: Other - Other

DUID: BALB1

Capacity: 0 MW

Full Commercial Use Date:

Expected Closure Year:

Closure Date:

Dispatch & revenue

29 May 2026 04:00 → 30 May 2026 04:00 AEST · data through 30 May 2026, 04:00

Revenue (× MLF)
$19
Dispatched
-8.5 MWh
Available
560.8 MWh
Curtailed
569.4 MWh
Curtailment
101.5%
of available
MLF used
0.9766
end of period

Energy flow

Dispatch target (cleared) vs availability — 5‑minute intervals. VIC1 regional price (RRP) on right axis.

Revenue (× MLF)

Estimated $ per interval using regional RRP and MLF effective on each day.

Methodology & assumptions

  • Dispatch & availability — AEMO Next Day Dispatch UNIT_SOLUTION (5‑minute intervals). Intervention intervals excluded.
  • Regional price — dispatch_price RRP matched by settlement time and NEM region (from generator registry).
  • Revenue (× MLF) — cleared MW × (5/60 h) × RRP × MLF. Chart uses MLF effective on each interval’s date; summary total uses MLF as at the end of the selected period (same as the revenue list).
  • Curtailment — estimated economic curtailment when availability exceeds dispatch target: max(0, availability − cleared) × (5/60) MWh.
  • Not settlement — estimates only. AEMO settlement applies DLF, rebids, constraints, and other factors not modelled here.
MLF history (AEMO daily)
Effective fromMLF
2024-07-18 0.9605
2025-07-01 0.9766

Financial overview

Type
Battery (BESS)
Capacity
30 MW / 30 MWh
Revenue (× MLF) (stats)
See dispatch stats link above
Est. SRMC
$0.00/MWh
Capex total (greenfield) $42.66M
Capex refurbishment —
Capex / MW $1,422,000
Capex / MWh storage $1,422,000
Fixed OPEX (annual) $270.0k
Fixed OPEX / MW-yr $9,000
Variable OPEX / MWh $0.00
Fuel cost / GJ —
Heat rate GJ/MWh —

Confidence: medium · Status: ai estimated · Capex basis: reported · AI checked 04 Jun 2026

Notes: Capex: ARENA project page reports total project cost of AUD 42.66m; a 2019 knowledge-sharing report also states project value of AUD 33.2m, likely a narrower D&C/substantial completion value. The financial profile uses ARENA total project cost as the broadest reported nominal project cost and preserves 2018 commissioning/commercial operation year. O&M: no Ballarat-specific dollar O&M amount was found; fixed O&M is estimated/defaulted using Aurecon/AEMO 2024 1-hour large-scale BESS assumptions: AUD 5,400/MW-year fixed O&M plus AUD 3,600/MW-year extended warranty, scaled to 30 MW = AUD 270,000/year. Variable O&M is set to 0 because Aurecon reports BESS long-term service agreements are not typically split into fixed/variable and variable O&M is shown as dash/included in fixed service costs. Efficiency is Ballarat-specific round-trip efficiency, averaged/rounded from contract year 1 and 2 operating parameters of 87.17% and 86.80%. Emissions intensity is direct operational emissions only; it excludes upstream emissions associated with charging electricity. Asset life uses a default modern lithium-ion BESS technical/economic life of 20 years; Ballarat-specific documentation confirms a 15-year Fluence service agreement but no explicit closure date. Major refurbishment/operational note: a battery replacement program was completed in contract year 2 after SoC restrictions affected availability; the report expected availability without the SoC restriction to reach approximately 99%.

Sources

Last AI response

Model: gpt-5.5 · Reasoning: medium · Fetched 04 Jun 2026 08:02 · ID: resp_0fd41e98f6b41c06006a20a3fd1d0881948e335992d397e982

Parsed extraction JSON 
{
    "generator_identity": {
        "site_name": "Ballarat Energy Storage System",
        "duid": "BALB1",
        "owner": "Ausnet Transmission Group Pty Ltd",
        "region": "VIC / NEM",
        "technology_type": "Storage - Battery",
        "fuel_type": "Other - Other"
    },
    "financial_profile": {
        "generator_type_normalised": "battery",
        "capex_total_aud": 42660000,
        "capex_year": 2018,
        "capex_basis": "reported",
        "capex_per_mw_aud": 1422000,
        "capex_per_mwh_aud": 1422000,
        "fixed_opex_annual_aud": 270000,
        "fixed_opex_per_mw_year_aud": 9000,
        "variable_opex_per_mwh_aud": 0,
        "fuel_cost_per_gj_aud": null,
        "fuel_contract_notes": "No fuel contract applies. Ballarat BESS is a lithium-ion battery; charging energy is purchased/optimised through NEM market operation rather than a fuel supply contract. EnergyAustralia holds rights to charge and dispatch via a storage services agreement with AusNet; AusNet/Mondo contracted Fluence under a 15-year services agreement and maintains balance of plant.",
        "heat_rate_gj_per_mwh": null,
        "efficiency_pct": 87,
        "emissions_intensity_tco2_mwh": 0,
        "asset_life_years": 20,
        "discount_rate_pct": null,
        "source_confidence": "medium",
        "data_status": "partially_verified",
        "notes": "Capex: ARENA project page reports total project cost of AUD 42.66m; a 2019 knowledge-sharing report also states project value of AUD 33.2m, likely a narrower D&C/substantial completion value. The financial profile uses ARENA total project cost as the broadest reported nominal project cost and preserves 2018 commissioning/commercial operation year. O&M: no Ballarat-specific dollar O&M amount was found; fixed O&M is estimated/defaulted using Aurecon/AEMO 2024 1-hour large-scale BESS assumptions: AUD 5,400/MW-year fixed O&M plus AUD 3,600/MW-year extended warranty, scaled to 30 MW = AUD 270,000/year. Variable O&M is set to 0 because Aurecon reports BESS long-term service agreements are not typically split into fixed/variable and variable O&M is shown as dash/included in fixed service costs. Efficiency is Ballarat-specific round-trip efficiency, averaged/rounded from contract year 1 and 2 operating parameters of 87.17% and 86.80%. Emissions intensity is direct operational emissions only; it excludes upstream emissions associated with charging electricity. Asset life uses a default modern lithium-ion BESS technical/economic life of 20 years; Ballarat-specific documentation confirms a 15-year Fluence service agreement but no explicit closure date. Major refurbishment/operational note: a battery replacement program was completed in contract year 2 after SoC restrictions affected availability; the report expected availability without the SoC restriction to reach approximately 99%."
    },
    "sources": [
        {
            "field_name": "capex_total_aud",
            "value_text": "Total project cost reported as AUD 42.66m; ARENA funding AUD 2.26m; summary also says AUD 25m grant funding from Victorian Government and ARENA sources to build the project.",
            "value_numeric": 42660000,
            "unit": "AUD",
            "source_url": "https://arena.gov.au/projects/ballarat-energy-storage-system/",
            "source_title": "Ballarat Energy Storage System (BESS)",
            "publisher": "Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)",
            "published_date": "2022-06-30",
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "$2.26m Funded by ARENA; $42.66m Total project cost. $25 million will be provided to a consortia led by Spotless Sustainability Services to build Ballarat Energy Storage System (BESS) – a 30 megawatt (MW) / 30 megawatt-hour (MWh) large-scale, grid-connected battery located at the Ballarat electricity station.",
            "ai_summary": "Official ARENA project page gives the broad reported total project cost used as capex_total_aud."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "capex_total_aud_conflict",
            "value_text": "Project value reported as AUD 33.2m at substantial completion; interpreted as narrower project/D&C value rather than total funding/project cost.",
            "value_numeric": 33200000,
            "unit": "AUD",
            "source_url": "https://www.ausnetservices.com.au/-/media/project/ausnet/corporate-website/files/projects-and-innovation/ballarat-bess-knowledge-sharing-report-1.pdf",
            "source_title": "Ballarat BESS: Knowledge Sharing Report",
            "publisher": "AusNet / project consortium, prepared for Victorian Government and ARENA",
            "published_date": "2019-08-07",
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "The value of the project is $33.2 million, that achieved a Date for Substantial Completion on 5 October 2018.",
            "ai_summary": "The project report provides a second reported cost figure; retained as a conflict/scope note, not used as the primary capex_total_aud because ARENA’s total project cost is broader."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "capex_year",
            "value_text": "Commercial operations on 22 December 2018; financial close on 5 March 2018; AEMO registration on 6 November 2018.",
            "value_numeric": 2018,
            "unit": "year",
            "source_url": "https://www.ausnetservices.com.au/projects-and-innovation/completed-projects/ballarat-battery",
            "source_title": "Ballarat battery",
            "publisher": "AusNet",
            "published_date": null,
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "Key milestones: 05/03/18 Financial close; 06/11/18 AEMO registration; 22/12/18 Commercial operations.",
            "ai_summary": "AusNet’s project page confirms the 2018 commercial operations year used for nominal capex timing."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "capex_scope",
            "value_text": "30MW/30MWh lithium-ion BESS at Ballarat Terminal Station, directly connected to BATS No.2 transformer via 22kV 40MVA tertiary winding; designed for 250 full cycles per annum and registered as 30MW generator/load plus FCAS markets.",
            "value_numeric": 30,
            "unit": "MW",
            "source_url": "https://www.ausnetservices.com.au/-/media/project/ausnet/corporate-website/files/projects-and-innovation/ballarat-bess-knowledge-sharing-report-1.pdf",
            "source_title": "Ballarat BESS: Knowledge Sharing Report",
            "publisher": "AusNet / project consortium, prepared for Victorian Government and ARENA",
            "published_date": "2019-08-07",
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "The BESS is 30MW / 30MWh and utilises Lithium Ion battery technology and is directly connected to BATS No2 transformer via a 22kV 40MVA tertiary winding. The BESS is designed to operate at 250 full cycle charge and discharges per annum and is registered to operate as a 30MW generator, 30MW load...",
            "ai_summary": "Defines the physical and market-registration scope to which reported capex relates."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "capex_per_mw_aud",
            "value_text": "Calculated from AUD 42.66m total project cost divided by 30 MW capacity.",
            "value_numeric": 1422000,
            "unit": "AUD/MW",
            "source_url": "https://arena.gov.au/projects/ballarat-energy-storage-system/",
            "source_title": "Ballarat Energy Storage System (BESS)",
            "publisher": "Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)",
            "published_date": "2022-06-30",
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "$42.66m Total project cost; 30 megawatt (MW) / 30 megawatt-hour (MWh) large-scale, grid-connected battery.",
            "ai_summary": "Derived calculation: 42.66m / 30 MW = AUD 1.422m/MW."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "capex_per_mwh_aud",
            "value_text": "Calculated from AUD 42.66m total project cost divided by 30 MWh storage capacity.",
            "value_numeric": 1422000,
            "unit": "AUD/MWh",
            "source_url": "https://arena.gov.au/projects/ballarat-energy-storage-system/",
            "source_title": "Ballarat Energy Storage System (BESS)",
            "publisher": "Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)",
            "published_date": "2022-06-30",
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "$42.66m Total project cost; 30 megawatt (MW) / 30 megawatt-hour (MWh) large-scale, grid-connected battery.",
            "ai_summary": "Derived calculation: 42.66m / 30 MWh = AUD 1.422m/MWh."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "fixed_opex_annual_aud",
            "value_text": "Estimated/defaulted from AEMO/Aurecon 2024 1-hour BESS fixed O&M and extended warranty assumptions: AUD 5,400/MW-year + AUD 3,600/MW-year = AUD 9,000/MW-year; scaled to 30 MW = AUD 270,000/year.",
            "value_numeric": 270000,
            "unit": "AUD",
            "source_url": "https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2025/aurecon-2024-energy-technology-costs-and-technical-parameter-review.pdf",
            "source_title": "2024 Energy Technology Cost and Technical Parameter Review",
            "publisher": "Aurecon for AEMO",
            "published_date": "2024-12-06",
            "confidence": "medium",
            "raw_excerpt": "OPEX – Annual: Fixed O&M Cost $/MW (Net) 5,400 [1 hour]. Extended warranty (20-year battery life) $/MW (Net) 3,600 [1 hour]. Total annual O&M Cost (Fixed O&M + extended warranties) $k 1,800 [for 200 MW 1-hour BESS].",
            "ai_summary": "No Ballarat-specific dollar O&M was found, so the fixed O&M estimate is a technology default scaled from Aurecon/AEMO’s 1-hour BESS values."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "fixed_opex_per_mw_year_aud",
            "value_text": "Estimated/defaulted from AEMO/Aurecon 2024 1-hour BESS fixed O&M plus extended warranty: AUD 9,000/MW-year.",
            "value_numeric": 9000,
            "unit": "AUD/MW-year",
            "source_url": "https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2025/aurecon-2024-energy-technology-costs-and-technical-parameter-review.pdf",
            "source_title": "2024 Energy Technology Cost and Technical Parameter Review",
            "publisher": "Aurecon for AEMO",
            "published_date": "2024-12-06",
            "confidence": "medium",
            "raw_excerpt": "Fixed O&M Cost $/MW (Net) 5,400... Extended warranty (20-year battery life) $/MW (Net) 3,600... Total annual O&M Cost (Fixed O&M + extended warranties) $k 1,800 [1 hour, 200 MW].",
            "ai_summary": "Default O&M assumption used because the Ballarat reports describe responsibilities and cost allocation but not annual dollar O&M."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "opex_responsibility",
            "value_text": "Ongoing opex costs are borne by AusNet; EnergyAustralia pays an ongoing lease fee; BESS is non-regulated and not in RAB.",
            "value_numeric": null,
            "unit": null,
            "source_url": "https://www.aer.gov.au/system/files/AusNet%20Services%20-%20Response%20to%20AER%20Questions%20-%20July%202022.pdf",
            "source_title": "AusNet Services - Response to AER Questions - July 2022",
            "publisher": "Australian Energy Regulator / AusNet Services",
            "published_date": "2022-07-01",
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "BESS capex was initially funded by AusNet and the Victorian Government. Ongoing opex costs are borne by AusNet. Energy Australia pays an ongoing lease fee to operate the asset. As a non-regulated asset, BESS is not in the RAB.",
            "ai_summary": "Provides Ballarat-specific cost responsibility but not the O&M dollar amount."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "variable_opex_per_mwh_aud",
            "value_text": "No separate variable O&M assumed; BESS long-term service agreements are not typically split into fixed and variable components and variable O&M is shown as dash/included in fixed service costs.",
            "value_numeric": 0,
            "unit": "AUD/MWh",
            "source_url": "https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2025/aurecon-2024-energy-technology-costs-and-technical-parameter-review.pdf",
            "source_title": "2024 Energy Technology Cost and Technical Parameter Review",
            "publisher": "Aurecon for AEMO",
            "published_date": "2024-12-06",
            "confidence": "medium",
            "raw_excerpt": "Variable O&M Cost $/MWh (Net) - - - - BESS long term service agreements not typically based on fixed / variable.",
            "ai_summary": "Used to set variable O&M to zero/not separately modelled for this battery; costs are captured in fixed O&M/LTSA."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "fuel_cost_per_gj_aud",
            "value_text": "Not applicable; Ballarat is a battery asset with no direct fuel consumption.",
            "value_numeric": null,
            "unit": "AUD/GJ",
            "source_url": "https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf",
            "source_title": "Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report",
            "publisher": "Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium",
            "published_date": "2021-10-01",
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "From an environmental perspective, the Ballarat System, similar to other battery assets, has no direct emissions, fuel consumption or wastewater impacts and emits minimal noise beyond the acoustic barrier at the Ballarat Terminal Station.",
            "ai_summary": "Confirms there is no direct fuel use; charging electricity is not treated as fuel cost per GJ."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "fuel_contract_notes",
            "value_text": "EnergyAustralia holds charging and dispatch rights under a storage services agreement with AusNet; this is not a fuel contract.",
            "value_numeric": null,
            "unit": null,
            "source_url": "https://www.energyaustralia.com.au/about-us/energy-generation/ballarat-battery-storage",
            "source_title": "Ballarat Battery Storage",
            "publisher": "EnergyAustralia",
            "published_date": null,
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "EnergyAustralia holds the rights to charge and dispatch energy from the battery via a first-of-a-kind storage services agreement with AusNet Services.",
            "ai_summary": "Provides commercial arrangement relevant to charging/dispatch; there is no fuel supply contract."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "heat_rate_gj_per_mwh",
            "value_text": "Not applicable for battery storage; no thermal fuel input.",
            "value_numeric": null,
            "unit": "GJ/MWh",
            "source_url": "https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf",
            "source_title": "Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report",
            "publisher": "Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium",
            "published_date": "2021-10-01",
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "The Ballarat System, similar to other battery assets, has no direct emissions, fuel consumption or wastewater impacts.",
            "ai_summary": "Heat rate is not meaningful for an electrochemical storage asset."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "efficiency_pct",
            "value_text": "Ballarat-specific round-trip efficiency: 87.17% in contract year 1 and 86.80% in contract year 2; profile uses rounded 87%.",
            "value_numeric": 87,
            "unit": "%",
            "source_url": "https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf",
            "source_title": "Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report",
            "publisher": "Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium",
            "published_date": "2021-10-01",
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "Operating Parameter Summary... Rated Power 30.38 MW; Usable Energy 30.38 MWh [year 1] 29.07 MWh [year 2]; Round Trip Efficiency 87.17% 86.80%.",
            "ai_summary": "Uses reported Ballarat operational parameter round-trip efficiency rather than a generic BESS default."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "emissions_intensity_tco2_mwh",
            "value_text": "Direct operational emissions intensity assumed as 0 tCO2/MWh because the battery has no direct emissions; excludes charging-energy emissions.",
            "value_numeric": 0,
            "unit": "tCO2/MWh",
            "source_url": "https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf",
            "source_title": "Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report",
            "publisher": "Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium",
            "published_date": "2021-10-01",
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "The Ballarat System, similar to other battery assets, has no direct emissions, fuel consumption or wastewater impacts.",
            "ai_summary": "Supports direct emissions intensity of zero for the storage asset itself."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "asset_life_years",
            "value_text": "Default lithium-ion large-scale BESS economic/technical life of 20 years, with possible extension to ~25 years depending on condition assessment; Ballarat-specific 15-year service agreement separately noted.",
            "value_numeric": 20,
            "unit": "years",
            "source_url": "https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2025/aurecon-2024-energy-technology-costs-and-technical-parameter-review.pdf",
            "source_title": "2024 Energy Technology Cost and Technical Parameter Review",
            "publisher": "Aurecon for AEMO",
            "published_date": "2024-12-06",
            "confidence": "medium",
            "raw_excerpt": "Economic Life (Design Life) Years 20... Technical Life (Operational Life) Years 20. Life may potentially be extended to approx. 25 years depending on condition assessment after initial 20-year life. Thereafter potential to extend project life with battery upgrades.",
            "ai_summary": "No explicit Ballarat asset life or closure date was found, so contemporary AEMO/Aurecon BESS life is used as a default."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "service_agreement_term",
            "value_text": "Ballarat-specific Fluence services agreement term is 15 years; AusNet maintains balance of plant.",
            "value_numeric": 15,
            "unit": "years",
            "source_url": "https://arena.gov.au/assets/2021/05/ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-3-4.pdf",
            "source_title": "Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Operational Report 3 & 4",
            "publisher": "ARENA / Ballarat BESS consortium",
            "published_date": "2020-07-01",
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "AusNet Services/Mondo contracts Fluence under a 15-year services agreement (“Term”) to ensure the battery system is available for use according to the Operating Parameters; and AusNet Services maintains the Balance of Plant to ensure the system is available for use according to the Operating Parameters.",
            "ai_summary": "This is not treated as the full technical asset life, but is important for O&M/contractual assumptions and may run to approximately December 2033 from commercial operation."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "major_refurbishment_or_closure_notes",
            "value_text": "Battery replacement program completed in contract year 2; SoC restriction expected not to be imposed in future and availability without restriction expected to reach approximately 99%. No closure date found.",
            "value_numeric": null,
            "unit": null,
            "source_url": "https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf",
            "source_title": "Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report",
            "publisher": "Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium",
            "published_date": "2021-10-01",
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "Following the battery replacement program completed in Contract Year 2, it is anticipated that the SoC battery restriction will not likely be imposed in future... The Ballarat System’s availability without SoC restriction is expected to achieve approximately 99%.",
            "ai_summary": "Operational/refurbishment note relevant to availability and battery module issues; no public closure notice was identified."
        },
        {
            "field_name": "operating_status_and_owner",
            "value_text": "30MW/30MWh Fluence battery at AusNet Services Ballarat Terminal Station; developed by Spotless, owned by AusNet as an unregulated asset; EnergyAustralia operates/dispatches rights. Commenced operations in December 2018.",
            "value_numeric": 30,
            "unit": "MW",
            "source_url": "https://www.energyaustralia.com.au/about-us/energy-generation/ballarat-battery-storage",
            "source_title": "Ballarat Battery Storage",
            "publisher": "EnergyAustralia",
            "published_date": null,
            "confidence": "high",
            "raw_excerpt": "The 30MW / 30MWh Ballarat Energy Storage System comprising a Fluence battery is located at the AusNet Services Ballarat Terminal Station... Spotless Sustainability Services developed the system, that’s owned by AusNet Services as an unregulated asset... Installed capacity: 30MW / 30MWh. Commenced operations in December 2018.",
            "ai_summary": "Confirms identity, capacity, technology provider, owner/commercial structure, and operation date."
        }
    ],
    "warnings": [
        "Ballarat-specific fixed O&M and variable O&M dollar values were not found in public sources; O&M values are default estimates based on AEMO/Aurecon large-scale 1-hour lithium-ion BESS assumptions and should be reviewed against confidential service-agreement costs if available.",
        "Two public capex figures were found: ARENA total project cost AUD 42.66m and AusNet/project-report value AUD 33.2m. The profile uses AUD 42.66m as total project cost and records AUD 33.2m as a conflicting/narrower scope figure.",
        "Asset life is not explicitly reported for Ballarat. The profile uses a 20-year default BESS technical/economic life; Ballarat’s 15-year Fluence service agreement is recorded separately as a contract term.",
        "Emissions intensity is direct operational emissions only and does not include emissions from grid electricity used to charge the battery.",
        "No public closure date was identified."
    ]
}
Full API payload (incl. web search) 
{
    "meta": {
        "model": "gpt-5.5",
        "reasoning_effort": "medium",
        "response_id": "resp_0fd41e98f6b41c06006a20a3fd1d0881948e335992d397e982",
        "fetched_at": "2026-06-04T08:02:20+10:00"
    },
    "raw_text": "{\"generator_identity\":{\"site_name\":\"Ballarat Energy Storage System\",\"duid\":\"BALB1\",\"owner\":\"Ausnet Transmission Group Pty Ltd\",\"region\":\"VIC / NEM\",\"technology_type\":\"Storage - Battery\",\"fuel_type\":\"Other - Other\"},\"financial_profile\":{\"generator_type_normalised\":\"battery\",\"capex_total_aud\":42660000,\"capex_year\":2018,\"capex_basis\":\"reported\",\"capex_per_mw_aud\":1422000,\"capex_per_mwh_aud\":1422000,\"fixed_opex_annual_aud\":270000,\"fixed_opex_per_mw_year_aud\":9000,\"variable_opex_per_mwh_aud\":0,\"fuel_cost_per_gj_aud\":null,\"fuel_contract_notes\":\"No fuel contract applies. Ballarat BESS is a lithium-ion battery; charging energy is purchased/optimised through NEM market operation rather than a fuel supply contract. EnergyAustralia holds rights to charge and dispatch via a storage services agreement with AusNet; AusNet/Mondo contracted Fluence under a 15-year services agreement and maintains balance of plant.\",\"heat_rate_gj_per_mwh\":null,\"efficiency_pct\":87,\"emissions_intensity_tco2_mwh\":0,\"asset_life_years\":20,\"discount_rate_pct\":null,\"source_confidence\":\"medium\",\"data_status\":\"partially_verified\",\"notes\":\"Capex: ARENA project page reports total project cost of AUD 42.66m; a 2019 knowledge-sharing report also states project value of AUD 33.2m, likely a narrower D&C/substantial completion value. The financial profile uses ARENA total project cost as the broadest reported nominal project cost and preserves 2018 commissioning/commercial operation year. O&M: no Ballarat-specific dollar O&M amount was found; fixed O&M is estimated/defaulted using Aurecon/AEMO 2024 1-hour large-scale BESS assumptions: AUD 5,400/MW-year fixed O&M plus AUD 3,600/MW-year extended warranty, scaled to 30 MW = AUD 270,000/year. Variable O&M is set to 0 because Aurecon reports BESS long-term service agreements are not typically split into fixed/variable and variable O&M is shown as dash/included in fixed service costs. Efficiency is Ballarat-specific round-trip efficiency, averaged/rounded from contract year 1 and 2 operating parameters of 87.17% and 86.80%. Emissions intensity is direct operational emissions only; it excludes upstream emissions associated with charging electricity. Asset life uses a default modern lithium-ion BESS technical/economic life of 20 years; Ballarat-specific documentation confirms a 15-year Fluence service agreement but no explicit closure date. Major refurbishment/operational note: a battery replacement program was completed in contract year 2 after SoC restrictions affected availability; the report expected availability without the SoC restriction to reach approximately 99%.\"},\"sources\":[{\"field_name\":\"capex_total_aud\",\"value_text\":\"Total project cost reported as AUD 42.66m; ARENA funding AUD 2.26m; summary also says AUD 25m grant funding from Victorian Government and ARENA sources to build the project.\",\"value_numeric\":42660000,\"unit\":\"AUD\",\"source_url\":\"https://arena.gov.au/projects/ballarat-energy-storage-system/\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Energy Storage System (BESS)\",\"publisher\":\"Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)\",\"published_date\":\"2022-06-30\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"$2.26m Funded by ARENA; $42.66m Total project cost. $25 million will be provided to a consortia led by Spotless Sustainability Services to build Ballarat Energy Storage System (BESS) – a 30 megawatt (MW) / 30 megawatt-hour (MWh) large-scale, grid-connected battery located at the Ballarat electricity station.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Official ARENA project page gives the broad reported total project cost used as capex_total_aud.\"},{\"field_name\":\"capex_total_aud_conflict\",\"value_text\":\"Project value reported as AUD 33.2m at substantial completion; interpreted as narrower project/D&C value rather than total funding/project cost.\",\"value_numeric\":33200000,\"unit\":\"AUD\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.ausnetservices.com.au/-/media/project/ausnet/corporate-website/files/projects-and-innovation/ballarat-bess-knowledge-sharing-report-1.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat BESS: Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"AusNet / project consortium, prepared for Victorian Government and ARENA\",\"published_date\":\"2019-08-07\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"The value of the project is $33.2 million, that achieved a Date for Substantial Completion on 5 October 2018.\",\"ai_summary\":\"The project report provides a second reported cost figure; retained as a conflict/scope note, not used as the primary capex_total_aud because ARENA’s total project cost is broader.\"},{\"field_name\":\"capex_year\",\"value_text\":\"Commercial operations on 22 December 2018; financial close on 5 March 2018; AEMO registration on 6 November 2018.\",\"value_numeric\":2018,\"unit\":\"year\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.ausnetservices.com.au/projects-and-innovation/completed-projects/ballarat-battery\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat battery\",\"publisher\":\"AusNet\",\"published_date\":null,\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"Key milestones: 05/03/18 Financial close; 06/11/18 AEMO registration; 22/12/18 Commercial operations.\",\"ai_summary\":\"AusNet’s project page confirms the 2018 commercial operations year used for nominal capex timing.\"},{\"field_name\":\"capex_scope\",\"value_text\":\"30MW/30MWh lithium-ion BESS at Ballarat Terminal Station, directly connected to BATS No.2 transformer via 22kV 40MVA tertiary winding; designed for 250 full cycles per annum and registered as 30MW generator/load plus FCAS markets.\",\"value_numeric\":30,\"unit\":\"MW\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.ausnetservices.com.au/-/media/project/ausnet/corporate-website/files/projects-and-innovation/ballarat-bess-knowledge-sharing-report-1.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat BESS: Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"AusNet / project consortium, prepared for Victorian Government and ARENA\",\"published_date\":\"2019-08-07\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"The BESS is 30MW / 30MWh and utilises Lithium Ion battery technology and is directly connected to BATS No2 transformer via a 22kV 40MVA tertiary winding. The BESS is designed to operate at 250 full cycle charge and discharges per annum and is registered to operate as a 30MW generator, 30MW load...\",\"ai_summary\":\"Defines the physical and market-registration scope to which reported capex relates.\"},{\"field_name\":\"capex_per_mw_aud\",\"value_text\":\"Calculated from AUD 42.66m total project cost divided by 30 MW capacity.\",\"value_numeric\":1422000,\"unit\":\"AUD/MW\",\"source_url\":\"https://arena.gov.au/projects/ballarat-energy-storage-system/\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Energy Storage System (BESS)\",\"publisher\":\"Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)\",\"published_date\":\"2022-06-30\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"$42.66m Total project cost; 30 megawatt (MW) / 30 megawatt-hour (MWh) large-scale, grid-connected battery.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Derived calculation: 42.66m / 30 MW = AUD 1.422m/MW.\"},{\"field_name\":\"capex_per_mwh_aud\",\"value_text\":\"Calculated from AUD 42.66m total project cost divided by 30 MWh storage capacity.\",\"value_numeric\":1422000,\"unit\":\"AUD/MWh\",\"source_url\":\"https://arena.gov.au/projects/ballarat-energy-storage-system/\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Energy Storage System (BESS)\",\"publisher\":\"Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)\",\"published_date\":\"2022-06-30\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"$42.66m Total project cost; 30 megawatt (MW) / 30 megawatt-hour (MWh) large-scale, grid-connected battery.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Derived calculation: 42.66m / 30 MWh = AUD 1.422m/MWh.\"},{\"field_name\":\"fixed_opex_annual_aud\",\"value_text\":\"Estimated/defaulted from AEMO/Aurecon 2024 1-hour BESS fixed O&M and extended warranty assumptions: AUD 5,400/MW-year + AUD 3,600/MW-year = AUD 9,000/MW-year; scaled to 30 MW = AUD 270,000/year.\",\"value_numeric\":270000,\"unit\":\"AUD\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2025/aurecon-2024-energy-technology-costs-and-technical-parameter-review.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"2024 Energy Technology Cost and Technical Parameter Review\",\"publisher\":\"Aurecon for AEMO\",\"published_date\":\"2024-12-06\",\"confidence\":\"medium\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"OPEX – Annual: Fixed O&M Cost $/MW (Net) 5,400 [1 hour]. Extended warranty (20-year battery life) $/MW (Net) 3,600 [1 hour]. Total annual O&M Cost (Fixed O&M + extended warranties) $k 1,800 [for 200 MW 1-hour BESS].\",\"ai_summary\":\"No Ballarat-specific dollar O&M was found, so the fixed O&M estimate is a technology default scaled from Aurecon/AEMO’s 1-hour BESS values.\"},{\"field_name\":\"fixed_opex_per_mw_year_aud\",\"value_text\":\"Estimated/defaulted from AEMO/Aurecon 2024 1-hour BESS fixed O&M plus extended warranty: AUD 9,000/MW-year.\",\"value_numeric\":9000,\"unit\":\"AUD/MW-year\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2025/aurecon-2024-energy-technology-costs-and-technical-parameter-review.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"2024 Energy Technology Cost and Technical Parameter Review\",\"publisher\":\"Aurecon for AEMO\",\"published_date\":\"2024-12-06\",\"confidence\":\"medium\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"Fixed O&M Cost $/MW (Net) 5,400... Extended warranty (20-year battery life) $/MW (Net) 3,600... Total annual O&M Cost (Fixed O&M + extended warranties) $k 1,800 [1 hour, 200 MW].\",\"ai_summary\":\"Default O&M assumption used because the Ballarat reports describe responsibilities and cost allocation but not annual dollar O&M.\"},{\"field_name\":\"opex_responsibility\",\"value_text\":\"Ongoing opex costs are borne by AusNet; EnergyAustralia pays an ongoing lease fee; BESS is non-regulated and not in RAB.\",\"value_numeric\":null,\"unit\":null,\"source_url\":\"https://www.aer.gov.au/system/files/AusNet%20Services%20-%20Response%20to%20AER%20Questions%20-%20July%202022.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"AusNet Services - Response to AER Questions - July 2022\",\"publisher\":\"Australian Energy Regulator / AusNet Services\",\"published_date\":\"2022-07-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"BESS capex was initially funded by AusNet and the Victorian Government. Ongoing opex costs are borne by AusNet. Energy Australia pays an ongoing lease fee to operate the asset. As a non-regulated asset, BESS is not in the RAB.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Provides Ballarat-specific cost responsibility but not the O&M dollar amount.\"},{\"field_name\":\"variable_opex_per_mwh_aud\",\"value_text\":\"No separate variable O&M assumed; BESS long-term service agreements are not typically split into fixed and variable components and variable O&M is shown as dash/included in fixed service costs.\",\"value_numeric\":0,\"unit\":\"AUD/MWh\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2025/aurecon-2024-energy-technology-costs-and-technical-parameter-review.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"2024 Energy Technology Cost and Technical Parameter Review\",\"publisher\":\"Aurecon for AEMO\",\"published_date\":\"2024-12-06\",\"confidence\":\"medium\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"Variable O&M Cost $/MWh (Net) - - - - BESS long term service agreements not typically based on fixed / variable.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Used to set variable O&M to zero/not separately modelled for this battery; costs are captured in fixed O&M/LTSA.\"},{\"field_name\":\"fuel_cost_per_gj_aud\",\"value_text\":\"Not applicable; Ballarat is a battery asset with no direct fuel consumption.\",\"value_numeric\":null,\"unit\":\"AUD/GJ\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium\",\"published_date\":\"2021-10-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"From an environmental perspective, the Ballarat System, similar to other battery assets, has no direct emissions, fuel consumption or wastewater impacts and emits minimal noise beyond the acoustic barrier at the Ballarat Terminal Station.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Confirms there is no direct fuel use; charging electricity is not treated as fuel cost per GJ.\"},{\"field_name\":\"fuel_contract_notes\",\"value_text\":\"EnergyAustralia holds charging and dispatch rights under a storage services agreement with AusNet; this is not a fuel contract.\",\"value_numeric\":null,\"unit\":null,\"source_url\":\"https://www.energyaustralia.com.au/about-us/energy-generation/ballarat-battery-storage\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Storage\",\"publisher\":\"EnergyAustralia\",\"published_date\":null,\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"EnergyAustralia holds the rights to charge and dispatch energy from the battery via a first-of-a-kind storage services agreement with AusNet Services.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Provides commercial arrangement relevant to charging/dispatch; there is no fuel supply contract.\"},{\"field_name\":\"heat_rate_gj_per_mwh\",\"value_text\":\"Not applicable for battery storage; no thermal fuel input.\",\"value_numeric\":null,\"unit\":\"GJ/MWh\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium\",\"published_date\":\"2021-10-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"The Ballarat System, similar to other battery assets, has no direct emissions, fuel consumption or wastewater impacts.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Heat rate is not meaningful for an electrochemical storage asset.\"},{\"field_name\":\"efficiency_pct\",\"value_text\":\"Ballarat-specific round-trip efficiency: 87.17% in contract year 1 and 86.80% in contract year 2; profile uses rounded 87%.\",\"value_numeric\":87,\"unit\":\"%\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium\",\"published_date\":\"2021-10-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"Operating Parameter Summary... Rated Power 30.38 MW; Usable Energy 30.38 MWh [year 1] 29.07 MWh [year 2]; Round Trip Efficiency 87.17% 86.80%.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Uses reported Ballarat operational parameter round-trip efficiency rather than a generic BESS default.\"},{\"field_name\":\"emissions_intensity_tco2_mwh\",\"value_text\":\"Direct operational emissions intensity assumed as 0 tCO2/MWh because the battery has no direct emissions; excludes charging-energy emissions.\",\"value_numeric\":0,\"unit\":\"tCO2/MWh\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium\",\"published_date\":\"2021-10-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"The Ballarat System, similar to other battery assets, has no direct emissions, fuel consumption or wastewater impacts.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Supports direct emissions intensity of zero for the storage asset itself.\"},{\"field_name\":\"asset_life_years\",\"value_text\":\"Default lithium-ion large-scale BESS economic/technical life of 20 years, with possible extension to ~25 years depending on condition assessment; Ballarat-specific 15-year service agreement separately noted.\",\"value_numeric\":20,\"unit\":\"years\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2025/aurecon-2024-energy-technology-costs-and-technical-parameter-review.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"2024 Energy Technology Cost and Technical Parameter Review\",\"publisher\":\"Aurecon for AEMO\",\"published_date\":\"2024-12-06\",\"confidence\":\"medium\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"Economic Life (Design Life) Years 20... Technical Life (Operational Life) Years 20. Life may potentially be extended to approx. 25 years depending on condition assessment after initial 20-year life. Thereafter potential to extend project life with battery upgrades.\",\"ai_summary\":\"No explicit Ballarat asset life or closure date was found, so contemporary AEMO/Aurecon BESS life is used as a default.\"},{\"field_name\":\"service_agreement_term\",\"value_text\":\"Ballarat-specific Fluence services agreement term is 15 years; AusNet maintains balance of plant.\",\"value_numeric\":15,\"unit\":\"years\",\"source_url\":\"https://arena.gov.au/assets/2021/05/ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-3-4.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Operational Report 3 & 4\",\"publisher\":\"ARENA / Ballarat BESS consortium\",\"published_date\":\"2020-07-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"AusNet Services/Mondo contracts Fluence under a 15-year services agreement (“Term”) to ensure the battery system is available for use according to the Operating Parameters; and AusNet Services maintains the Balance of Plant to ensure the system is available for use according to the Operating Parameters.\",\"ai_summary\":\"This is not treated as the full technical asset life, but is important for O&M/contractual assumptions and may run to approximately December 2033 from commercial operation.\"},{\"field_name\":\"major_refurbishment_or_closure_notes\",\"value_text\":\"Battery replacement program completed in contract year 2; SoC restriction expected not to be imposed in future and availability without restriction expected to reach approximately 99%. No closure date found.\",\"value_numeric\":null,\"unit\":null,\"source_url\":\"https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium\",\"published_date\":\"2021-10-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"Following the battery replacement program completed in Contract Year 2, it is anticipated that the SoC battery restriction will not likely be imposed in future... The Ballarat System’s availability without SoC restriction is expected to achieve approximately 99%.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Operational/refurbishment note relevant to availability and battery module issues; no public closure notice was identified.\"},{\"field_name\":\"operating_status_and_owner\",\"value_text\":\"30MW/30MWh Fluence battery at AusNet Services Ballarat Terminal Station; developed by Spotless, owned by AusNet as an unregulated asset; EnergyAustralia operates/dispatches rights. Commenced operations in December 2018.\",\"value_numeric\":30,\"unit\":\"MW\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.energyaustralia.com.au/about-us/energy-generation/ballarat-battery-storage\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Storage\",\"publisher\":\"EnergyAustralia\",\"published_date\":null,\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"The 30MW / 30MWh Ballarat Energy Storage System comprising a Fluence battery is located at the AusNet Services Ballarat Terminal Station... Spotless Sustainability Services developed the system, that’s owned by AusNet Services as an unregulated asset... Installed capacity: 30MW / 30MWh. Commenced operations in December 2018.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Confirms identity, capacity, technology provider, owner/commercial structure, and operation date.\"}],\"warnings\":[\"Ballarat-specific fixed O&M and variable O&M dollar values were not found in public sources; O&M values are default estimates based on AEMO/Aurecon large-scale 1-hour lithium-ion BESS assumptions and should be reviewed against confidential service-agreement costs if available.\",\"Two public capex figures were found: ARENA total project cost AUD 42.66m and AusNet/project-report value AUD 33.2m. The profile uses AUD 42.66m as total project cost and records AUD 33.2m as a conflicting/narrower scope figure.\",\"Asset life is not explicitly reported for Ballarat. The profile uses a 20-year default BESS technical/economic life; Ballarat’s 15-year Fluence service agreement is recorded separately as a contract term.\",\"Emissions intensity is direct operational emissions only and does not include emissions from grid electricity used to charge the battery.\",\"No public closure date was identified.\"]}",
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                        "text": "{\"generator_identity\":{\"site_name\":\"Ballarat Energy Storage System\",\"duid\":\"BALB1\",\"owner\":\"Ausnet Transmission Group Pty Ltd\",\"region\":\"VIC / NEM\",\"technology_type\":\"Storage - Battery\",\"fuel_type\":\"Other - Other\"},\"financial_profile\":{\"generator_type_normalised\":\"battery\",\"capex_total_aud\":42660000,\"capex_year\":2018,\"capex_basis\":\"reported\",\"capex_per_mw_aud\":1422000,\"capex_per_mwh_aud\":1422000,\"fixed_opex_annual_aud\":270000,\"fixed_opex_per_mw_year_aud\":9000,\"variable_opex_per_mwh_aud\":0,\"fuel_cost_per_gj_aud\":null,\"fuel_contract_notes\":\"No fuel contract applies. Ballarat BESS is a lithium-ion battery; charging energy is purchased/optimised through NEM market operation rather than a fuel supply contract. EnergyAustralia holds rights to charge and dispatch via a storage services agreement with AusNet; AusNet/Mondo contracted Fluence under a 15-year services agreement and maintains balance of plant.\",\"heat_rate_gj_per_mwh\":null,\"efficiency_pct\":87,\"emissions_intensity_tco2_mwh\":0,\"asset_life_years\":20,\"discount_rate_pct\":null,\"source_confidence\":\"medium\",\"data_status\":\"partially_verified\",\"notes\":\"Capex: ARENA project page reports total project cost of AUD 42.66m; a 2019 knowledge-sharing report also states project value of AUD 33.2m, likely a narrower D&C/substantial completion value. The financial profile uses ARENA total project cost as the broadest reported nominal project cost and preserves 2018 commissioning/commercial operation year. O&M: no Ballarat-specific dollar O&M amount was found; fixed O&M is estimated/defaulted using Aurecon/AEMO 2024 1-hour large-scale BESS assumptions: AUD 5,400/MW-year fixed O&M plus AUD 3,600/MW-year extended warranty, scaled to 30 MW = AUD 270,000/year. Variable O&M is set to 0 because Aurecon reports BESS long-term service agreements are not typically split into fixed/variable and variable O&M is shown as dash/included in fixed service costs. Efficiency is Ballarat-specific round-trip efficiency, averaged/rounded from contract year 1 and 2 operating parameters of 87.17% and 86.80%. Emissions intensity is direct operational emissions only; it excludes upstream emissions associated with charging electricity. Asset life uses a default modern lithium-ion BESS technical/economic life of 20 years; Ballarat-specific documentation confirms a 15-year Fluence service agreement but no explicit closure date. Major refurbishment/operational note: a battery replacement program was completed in contract year 2 after SoC restrictions affected availability; the report expected availability without the SoC restriction to reach approximately 99%.\"},\"sources\":[{\"field_name\":\"capex_total_aud\",\"value_text\":\"Total project cost reported as AUD 42.66m; ARENA funding AUD 2.26m; summary also says AUD 25m grant funding from Victorian Government and ARENA sources to build the project.\",\"value_numeric\":42660000,\"unit\":\"AUD\",\"source_url\":\"https://arena.gov.au/projects/ballarat-energy-storage-system/\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Energy Storage System (BESS)\",\"publisher\":\"Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)\",\"published_date\":\"2022-06-30\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"$2.26m Funded by ARENA; $42.66m Total project cost. $25 million will be provided to a consortia led by Spotless Sustainability Services to build Ballarat Energy Storage System (BESS) – a 30 megawatt (MW) / 30 megawatt-hour (MWh) large-scale, grid-connected battery located at the Ballarat electricity station.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Official ARENA project page gives the broad reported total project cost used as capex_total_aud.\"},{\"field_name\":\"capex_total_aud_conflict\",\"value_text\":\"Project value reported as AUD 33.2m at substantial completion; interpreted as narrower project/D&C value rather than total funding/project cost.\",\"value_numeric\":33200000,\"unit\":\"AUD\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.ausnetservices.com.au/-/media/project/ausnet/corporate-website/files/projects-and-innovation/ballarat-bess-knowledge-sharing-report-1.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat BESS: Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"AusNet / project consortium, prepared for Victorian Government and ARENA\",\"published_date\":\"2019-08-07\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"The value of the project is $33.2 million, that achieved a Date for Substantial Completion on 5 October 2018.\",\"ai_summary\":\"The project report provides a second reported cost figure; retained as a conflict/scope note, not used as the primary capex_total_aud because ARENA’s total project cost is broader.\"},{\"field_name\":\"capex_year\",\"value_text\":\"Commercial operations on 22 December 2018; financial close on 5 March 2018; AEMO registration on 6 November 2018.\",\"value_numeric\":2018,\"unit\":\"year\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.ausnetservices.com.au/projects-and-innovation/completed-projects/ballarat-battery\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat battery\",\"publisher\":\"AusNet\",\"published_date\":null,\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"Key milestones: 05/03/18 Financial close; 06/11/18 AEMO registration; 22/12/18 Commercial operations.\",\"ai_summary\":\"AusNet’s project page confirms the 2018 commercial operations year used for nominal capex timing.\"},{\"field_name\":\"capex_scope\",\"value_text\":\"30MW/30MWh lithium-ion BESS at Ballarat Terminal Station, directly connected to BATS No.2 transformer via 22kV 40MVA tertiary winding; designed for 250 full cycles per annum and registered as 30MW generator/load plus FCAS markets.\",\"value_numeric\":30,\"unit\":\"MW\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.ausnetservices.com.au/-/media/project/ausnet/corporate-website/files/projects-and-innovation/ballarat-bess-knowledge-sharing-report-1.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat BESS: Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"AusNet / project consortium, prepared for Victorian Government and ARENA\",\"published_date\":\"2019-08-07\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"The BESS is 30MW / 30MWh and utilises Lithium Ion battery technology and is directly connected to BATS No2 transformer via a 22kV 40MVA tertiary winding. The BESS is designed to operate at 250 full cycle charge and discharges per annum and is registered to operate as a 30MW generator, 30MW load...\",\"ai_summary\":\"Defines the physical and market-registration scope to which reported capex relates.\"},{\"field_name\":\"capex_per_mw_aud\",\"value_text\":\"Calculated from AUD 42.66m total project cost divided by 30 MW capacity.\",\"value_numeric\":1422000,\"unit\":\"AUD/MW\",\"source_url\":\"https://arena.gov.au/projects/ballarat-energy-storage-system/\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Energy Storage System (BESS)\",\"publisher\":\"Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)\",\"published_date\":\"2022-06-30\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"$42.66m Total project cost; 30 megawatt (MW) / 30 megawatt-hour (MWh) large-scale, grid-connected battery.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Derived calculation: 42.66m / 30 MW = AUD 1.422m/MW.\"},{\"field_name\":\"capex_per_mwh_aud\",\"value_text\":\"Calculated from AUD 42.66m total project cost divided by 30 MWh storage capacity.\",\"value_numeric\":1422000,\"unit\":\"AUD/MWh\",\"source_url\":\"https://arena.gov.au/projects/ballarat-energy-storage-system/\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Energy Storage System (BESS)\",\"publisher\":\"Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)\",\"published_date\":\"2022-06-30\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"$42.66m Total project cost; 30 megawatt (MW) / 30 megawatt-hour (MWh) large-scale, grid-connected battery.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Derived calculation: 42.66m / 30 MWh = AUD 1.422m/MWh.\"},{\"field_name\":\"fixed_opex_annual_aud\",\"value_text\":\"Estimated/defaulted from AEMO/Aurecon 2024 1-hour BESS fixed O&M and extended warranty assumptions: AUD 5,400/MW-year + AUD 3,600/MW-year = AUD 9,000/MW-year; scaled to 30 MW = AUD 270,000/year.\",\"value_numeric\":270000,\"unit\":\"AUD\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2025/aurecon-2024-energy-technology-costs-and-technical-parameter-review.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"2024 Energy Technology Cost and Technical Parameter Review\",\"publisher\":\"Aurecon for AEMO\",\"published_date\":\"2024-12-06\",\"confidence\":\"medium\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"OPEX – Annual: Fixed O&M Cost $/MW (Net) 5,400 [1 hour]. Extended warranty (20-year battery life) $/MW (Net) 3,600 [1 hour]. Total annual O&M Cost (Fixed O&M + extended warranties) $k 1,800 [for 200 MW 1-hour BESS].\",\"ai_summary\":\"No Ballarat-specific dollar O&M was found, so the fixed O&M estimate is a technology default scaled from Aurecon/AEMO’s 1-hour BESS values.\"},{\"field_name\":\"fixed_opex_per_mw_year_aud\",\"value_text\":\"Estimated/defaulted from AEMO/Aurecon 2024 1-hour BESS fixed O&M plus extended warranty: AUD 9,000/MW-year.\",\"value_numeric\":9000,\"unit\":\"AUD/MW-year\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2025/aurecon-2024-energy-technology-costs-and-technical-parameter-review.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"2024 Energy Technology Cost and Technical Parameter Review\",\"publisher\":\"Aurecon for AEMO\",\"published_date\":\"2024-12-06\",\"confidence\":\"medium\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"Fixed O&M Cost $/MW (Net) 5,400... Extended warranty (20-year battery life) $/MW (Net) 3,600... Total annual O&M Cost (Fixed O&M + extended warranties) $k 1,800 [1 hour, 200 MW].\",\"ai_summary\":\"Default O&M assumption used because the Ballarat reports describe responsibilities and cost allocation but not annual dollar O&M.\"},{\"field_name\":\"opex_responsibility\",\"value_text\":\"Ongoing opex costs are borne by AusNet; EnergyAustralia pays an ongoing lease fee; BESS is non-regulated and not in RAB.\",\"value_numeric\":null,\"unit\":null,\"source_url\":\"https://www.aer.gov.au/system/files/AusNet%20Services%20-%20Response%20to%20AER%20Questions%20-%20July%202022.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"AusNet Services - Response to AER Questions - July 2022\",\"publisher\":\"Australian Energy Regulator / AusNet Services\",\"published_date\":\"2022-07-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"BESS capex was initially funded by AusNet and the Victorian Government. Ongoing opex costs are borne by AusNet. Energy Australia pays an ongoing lease fee to operate the asset. As a non-regulated asset, BESS is not in the RAB.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Provides Ballarat-specific cost responsibility but not the O&M dollar amount.\"},{\"field_name\":\"variable_opex_per_mwh_aud\",\"value_text\":\"No separate variable O&M assumed; BESS long-term service agreements are not typically split into fixed and variable components and variable O&M is shown as dash/included in fixed service costs.\",\"value_numeric\":0,\"unit\":\"AUD/MWh\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2025/aurecon-2024-energy-technology-costs-and-technical-parameter-review.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"2024 Energy Technology Cost and Technical Parameter Review\",\"publisher\":\"Aurecon for AEMO\",\"published_date\":\"2024-12-06\",\"confidence\":\"medium\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"Variable O&M Cost $/MWh (Net) - - - - BESS long term service agreements not typically based on fixed / variable.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Used to set variable O&M to zero/not separately modelled for this battery; costs are captured in fixed O&M/LTSA.\"},{\"field_name\":\"fuel_cost_per_gj_aud\",\"value_text\":\"Not applicable; Ballarat is a battery asset with no direct fuel consumption.\",\"value_numeric\":null,\"unit\":\"AUD/GJ\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium\",\"published_date\":\"2021-10-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"From an environmental perspective, the Ballarat System, similar to other battery assets, has no direct emissions, fuel consumption or wastewater impacts and emits minimal noise beyond the acoustic barrier at the Ballarat Terminal Station.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Confirms there is no direct fuel use; charging electricity is not treated as fuel cost per GJ.\"},{\"field_name\":\"fuel_contract_notes\",\"value_text\":\"EnergyAustralia holds charging and dispatch rights under a storage services agreement with AusNet; this is not a fuel contract.\",\"value_numeric\":null,\"unit\":null,\"source_url\":\"https://www.energyaustralia.com.au/about-us/energy-generation/ballarat-battery-storage\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Storage\",\"publisher\":\"EnergyAustralia\",\"published_date\":null,\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"EnergyAustralia holds the rights to charge and dispatch energy from the battery via a first-of-a-kind storage services agreement with AusNet Services.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Provides commercial arrangement relevant to charging/dispatch; there is no fuel supply contract.\"},{\"field_name\":\"heat_rate_gj_per_mwh\",\"value_text\":\"Not applicable for battery storage; no thermal fuel input.\",\"value_numeric\":null,\"unit\":\"GJ/MWh\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium\",\"published_date\":\"2021-10-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"The Ballarat System, similar to other battery assets, has no direct emissions, fuel consumption or wastewater impacts.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Heat rate is not meaningful for an electrochemical storage asset.\"},{\"field_name\":\"efficiency_pct\",\"value_text\":\"Ballarat-specific round-trip efficiency: 87.17% in contract year 1 and 86.80% in contract year 2; profile uses rounded 87%.\",\"value_numeric\":87,\"unit\":\"%\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium\",\"published_date\":\"2021-10-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"Operating Parameter Summary... Rated Power 30.38 MW; Usable Energy 30.38 MWh [year 1] 29.07 MWh [year 2]; Round Trip Efficiency 87.17% 86.80%.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Uses reported Ballarat operational parameter round-trip efficiency rather than a generic BESS default.\"},{\"field_name\":\"emissions_intensity_tco2_mwh\",\"value_text\":\"Direct operational emissions intensity assumed as 0 tCO2/MWh because the battery has no direct emissions; excludes charging-energy emissions.\",\"value_numeric\":0,\"unit\":\"tCO2/MWh\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium\",\"published_date\":\"2021-10-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"The Ballarat System, similar to other battery assets, has no direct emissions, fuel consumption or wastewater impacts.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Supports direct emissions intensity of zero for the storage asset itself.\"},{\"field_name\":\"asset_life_years\",\"value_text\":\"Default lithium-ion large-scale BESS economic/technical life of 20 years, with possible extension to ~25 years depending on condition assessment; Ballarat-specific 15-year service agreement separately noted.\",\"value_numeric\":20,\"unit\":\"years\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/major-publications/isp/2025/aurecon-2024-energy-technology-costs-and-technical-parameter-review.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"2024 Energy Technology Cost and Technical Parameter Review\",\"publisher\":\"Aurecon for AEMO\",\"published_date\":\"2024-12-06\",\"confidence\":\"medium\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"Economic Life (Design Life) Years 20... Technical Life (Operational Life) Years 20. Life may potentially be extended to approx. 25 years depending on condition assessment after initial 20-year life. Thereafter potential to extend project life with battery upgrades.\",\"ai_summary\":\"No explicit Ballarat asset life or closure date was found, so contemporary AEMO/Aurecon BESS life is used as a default.\"},{\"field_name\":\"service_agreement_term\",\"value_text\":\"Ballarat-specific Fluence services agreement term is 15 years; AusNet maintains balance of plant.\",\"value_numeric\":15,\"unit\":\"years\",\"source_url\":\"https://arena.gov.au/assets/2021/05/ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-3-4.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Operational Report 3 & 4\",\"publisher\":\"ARENA / Ballarat BESS consortium\",\"published_date\":\"2020-07-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"AusNet Services/Mondo contracts Fluence under a 15-year services agreement (“Term”) to ensure the battery system is available for use according to the Operating Parameters; and AusNet Services maintains the Balance of Plant to ensure the system is available for use according to the Operating Parameters.\",\"ai_summary\":\"This is not treated as the full technical asset life, but is important for O&M/contractual assumptions and may run to approximately December 2033 from commercial operation.\"},{\"field_name\":\"major_refurbishment_or_closure_notes\",\"value_text\":\"Battery replacement program completed in contract year 2; SoC restriction expected not to be imposed in future and availability without restriction expected to reach approximately 99%. No closure date found.\",\"value_numeric\":null,\"unit\":null,\"source_url\":\"https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/591598/Ballarat-battery-energy-storage-system-final-knowledge-sharing-report.pdf\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Energy Storage System Final Knowledge Sharing Report\",\"publisher\":\"Victorian Government / Ballarat BESS consortium\",\"published_date\":\"2021-10-01\",\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"Following the battery replacement program completed in Contract Year 2, it is anticipated that the SoC battery restriction will not likely be imposed in future... The Ballarat System’s availability without SoC restriction is expected to achieve approximately 99%.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Operational/refurbishment note relevant to availability and battery module issues; no public closure notice was identified.\"},{\"field_name\":\"operating_status_and_owner\",\"value_text\":\"30MW/30MWh Fluence battery at AusNet Services Ballarat Terminal Station; developed by Spotless, owned by AusNet as an unregulated asset; EnergyAustralia operates/dispatches rights. Commenced operations in December 2018.\",\"value_numeric\":30,\"unit\":\"MW\",\"source_url\":\"https://www.energyaustralia.com.au/about-us/energy-generation/ballarat-battery-storage\",\"source_title\":\"Ballarat Battery Storage\",\"publisher\":\"EnergyAustralia\",\"published_date\":null,\"confidence\":\"high\",\"raw_excerpt\":\"The 30MW / 30MWh Ballarat Energy Storage System comprising a Fluence battery is located at the AusNet Services Ballarat Terminal Station... Spotless Sustainability Services developed the system, that’s owned by AusNet Services as an unregulated asset... Installed capacity: 30MW / 30MWh. Commenced operations in December 2018.\",\"ai_summary\":\"Confirms identity, capacity, technology provider, owner/commercial structure, and operation date.\"}],\"warnings\":[\"Ballarat-specific fixed O&M and variable O&M dollar values were not found in public sources; O&M values are default estimates based on AEMO/Aurecon large-scale 1-hour lithium-ion BESS assumptions and should be reviewed against confidential service-agreement costs if available.\",\"Two public capex figures were found: ARENA total project cost AUD 42.66m and AusNet/project-report value AUD 33.2m. The profile uses AUD 42.66m as total project cost and records AUD 33.2m as a conflicting/narrower scope figure.\",\"Asset life is not explicitly reported for Ballarat. The profile uses a 20-year default BESS technical/economic life; Ballarat’s 15-year Fluence service agreement is recorded separately as a contract term.\",\"Emissions intensity is direct operational emissions only and does not include emissions from grid electricity used to charge the battery.\",\"No public closure date was identified.\"]}"
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    }
}

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